The article is the status overview with the authors’ expert commentary about the nuclear industry role in the national economy. It describes current issues and challenges, and evaluates the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom competitiveness on different markets. The prospects of industry development are reviewed both in terms of involvement in the national and global economy and power industry, and as regards the influence on the technological development of the domestic economy.

Key words: nuclear industry, State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, NPP, Russia, NPP energy generation.