Due to various reasons, the current stage of Russian economic development has come up against a situation where a significant share of domestic industrial products is not merely non-competitive on the global market, but also fraught with danger to the national energy security both in the Fuel and Energy Complex itself and in related sectors. The need for reduction of critical dependence on imported goods preconditions the urgency of production modernization. The root cause analysis of the Russian industry competitiveness gap indicates the low level of modern technologies integrated in production processes as well as market and institutional restrictions hindering the adoption of state-of-the-art technologies.

Key words: import substitution, best available technologies (BAT), energy security and energy efficiency.